To Permanent Representatives of Member and Observer States of the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council (Geneva, Switzerland)

Excellencies,

As armed hostilities have resumed on a large scale in Ethiopia, with risks of repetition of the atrocity crimes documented during the 2020-2022 conflict, we, the under­sig­ned civil society organisations, urge the Human Rights Council to urgently convene a special session on the hu­man rights impact of the conflict. At the session, we urge the adoption of a reso­lu­tion requesting the Coun­cil’s Pre­si­dent to appoint an advisory panel of experts, drawn from the pool of existing independent UN and African human rights ex­perts, to undertake a swift assessment, compile a summary report, and make recom­men­dations on steps the Council could take to address the human rights situation in Ethiopia.

The Council should stand ready to take further action, as appropriate, to address any developments in Ethiopia or the sub-region, send a message of deterrence to all actors, and indicate that those res­ponsible for perpetrating, ordering or facilitating vio­lations should be held accountable.

~     ~     ~

On 22 September 2026, after long-simmering tensions between the Ethiopian Federal Government led by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) escalated from sporadic clashes and airstrikes to open mili­tary confrontation, fighting resumed on a large scale and spread to the Afar and Amhara regions in northern Ethiopia.

Heavy fighting, involving the use of drone strikes, mortar strikes and artillery fire, including indis­cri­minate air­stri­kes in populated areas and on civilian infrastructure that may amount to war crimes,[1] is pitting federal forces, the Ethiopian National De­fence Force (ENDF), and allied forces against not only the TPLF’s Tigray Defence Force (TDF) but other regional armed groups, including the Amhara Fano militia and the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), both of which for­med an alliance with TPLF and other regional groupings to topple the federal government.[2] Renewed hostilities are also occurring amid the backdrop of ongoing conflict in the Amhara and Oromia regions.

At the time of writing, fighting and airstrikes were ongoing in Tigray, including near camps for internally displaced persons in central Tigray, and northern Amhara. ENDF and pro-govern­ment forces also repor­ted­ly captured several towns, including the regional ca­pi­tal, Me­kel­le. On 1 October, blasts were reported in Addis Ababa after Ethiopia’s National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) declared a ban on ope­rating drones and other flying objects in the capital.[3]

This significant escalation means that the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (CoHA) signed in Pretoria in November 2022 between Ethiopia’s Federal Government and the TPLF, has effecti­vely collapsed.[4] The escalation occurred against a backdrop of geopolitical tensions that led to the cutting of diplo­ma­tic ties bet­ween Eritrea and Ethiopia. Observers point to the role of external actors and the risk of a regional con­flict threatening to destabilise the entire Horn of Africa sub-region, as well as the Red Sea area.[5]

The conflict is exacerbating the already dire humanitarian situation in northern Ethiopia due to disruptions to es­sen­tial services and supply routes, including access to health care, Internet and communication ser­vices, air travel, and banking services (including cash and mobile banking, as well as remittances, on which many depend for survival).[6] During the 2020-2022 war, the Ethiopian Government deliberately obstructed commercial and humanitarian supplies, shut down banks, and imposed an effective siege on Tigray.[7]

Communication disruptions and access restrictions in conflict-affected areas are occurring alongside se­ve­re civic space restrictions in Ethiopia, inclu­ding government attacks against journalists, media workers, human rights defenders, and other independent actors who could report on the situation.[8]

The previous conflict was marked by atrocity crimes, massacres of civilians and other unlawful killings, wide­spread conflict-related sexual and reproductive violence, attacks on health, forced displacement, and ethnic cleansing, with estimates of a death toll of up to several hun­dred thousand.[9]

There has been no ac­c­oun­tability for the grave crimes committed, including because the federal govern­ment has largely shelved its transi­tio­­nal justice pro­cess and the Human Rights Council terminated the man­date of the In­ter­national Commission of Hu­man Rights Experts on Ethiopia (ICHREE) it had esta­bli­shed, despite warnings by the mechanism of acute risks of further atrocities.[10] Impunity for these crimes points to grave risks for civilians, including of new atro­ci­ties.[11]

The UN Secre­tary-General, the High Com­mis­sioner for Human Rights, and the African Union (AU) have all expressed alarm about the situation and urged restraint, de-escalation and civilian protection.[12]

~     ~     ~

The situation in Ethiopia requires the international community’s urgent attention and close scrutiny by reg­ional and UN human rights bodies and mechanisms. In line with its pre­ven­tion mandate and its res­pon­sibility to respond promptly to human rights emergencies and address gross and systematic violations, and given the sharp deterioration of the situation on the ground, the Human Rights Coun­cil should act before its next regular session, which is scheduled for February 2027.

The Human Rights Council should urgently convene a spe­cial session on the human rights im­pact of the conflict in Ethiopia and adopt a resolution that, among other things:

• • • Condemns all violations and abuses of human rights and vio­la­­tions of international huma­ni­ta­rian law committed in Ethiopia;
    • Requests the President of the Human Rights Council, following consultations with relevant sta­ke­holders, including the Coordination Committee of Special Procedures, to appoint on the most expeditious basis possible an advisory panel of three independent human rights experts, drawn from the pool of exis­ting experts from the United Nations spe­cial pro­cedures and African Com­mission on Human and Peoples’ Rights spe­cial mecha­nisms:
    • To swiftly undertake an assessment of violations and abuses of human rights and vio­la­­­tions of international humanitarian law com­mit­ted in Ethiopia by all parties to the con­flict since August 2026, with a view to preventing a further deterioration of the hu­man rights situ­ation;
    • To prepare a summary report outlining the human rights impact of the conflict in Ethi­o­pia and setting out recommendations to the warring parties, relevant States, and the Human Rights Council, to be presented during an inter-sessional briefing convened by the Presi­dent of the Council before 31 January 2027;
    • To engage with the Ethiopian authorities and all other relevant stakeholders and to ensure the com­plementarity and coordination of this effort with other efforts of the United Na­t­ions, the Afri­can Union, and other regional and international entities; and
    • To make recommendations on steps the Human Rights Council could take to address the hu­man rights situation in Ethiopia, taking into consideration the findings and recommen­d­a­tions of the Interna­tio­nal Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia, in­c­luding tho­se outli­ned in report A/HRC/54/55, as well as the panel of experts’ own findings, inc­lu­ding on sup­porting further in­vestigations, evidence collection and preservation, identi­fi­cation of those responsible for violations, ending impunity and addressing its root causes, and ensuring ac­coun­tability for all violations and abuses.
    • Requests the advisory panel of experts to keep the Human Rights Council updated on the situ­ation in Ethiopia by holding urgent inter-sessional briefings as necessary and advising the Coun­cil’s President, Member and Observer States on the need for any additional urgent meetings or actions;
    • Decides to convene an enhan­ced inter­active dialogue on the human rights situation in Ethiopia, to be held at its 64^th regular session, with the participation of a representative of the advisory panel of experts, the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Special Ad­vi­ser of the Secre­ta­ry-General for the Pre­vention of Genocide, representatives of the Afri­can Union or the Afri­can Commission on Hu­man and Peoples’ Rights, and civil society;
    • Encourages the High Commissioner to resume public reporting on the human rights situation in Ethio­pia, in accordance with his global mandate and the mandate of his office in Addis Aba­ba;
    • Requests that the advisory panel of experts be provided with all necessary resources to fulfil this mandate, including by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights;
    • Requests the Government of Ethiopia to facilitate access to the country for the experts; and
    • Makes clear that the Council will stand ready to take further action to prevent human rights vio­lations and abuses and viola­tions of international humanitarian law in Ethiopia, including the risk of atrocity crimes, and take steps to ensure accountability for past and ongoing vio­la­tions.

We thank you for your attention to these pressing issues and stand ready to provide your delegation with further information as required.

Sincerely,

1. AfricanDefenders (Pan-African Human Rights Defenders Network)
2. Africans for the Horn of Africa Initiative (Af4HA)
3. Amnesty International
4. Atrocities Watch Africa (AWA)
5. Bridge Social Development Organization
6. Burkinabè Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CBDDH)
7. CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation
8. Coalition for Genocide Response
9. CSW (Christian Solidarity Worldwide)
10. DefendDefenders (East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project)
11. Extending Access and Systems Enhancement (EASE)
12. Gender Empowerment Movement Tigray (GEM Tigray)
13. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (GCR2P)
14. Health Professionals Network for Tigray (HPN4T)
15. Humanists International
16. Human Rights Watch
17. International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI)
18. International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
19. International Press Institute
20. International Service for Human Rights (ISHR)
21. Irob Anina Civil Society (IACS)
22. Ivorian Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CIDDH)
23. Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada
24. Legacy Tigray Advocacy Group (LTAG)
25. Legal Action Worldwide (LAW)
26. Media Institute for Democracy and Human Rights (IM2DH) – Togo
27. Movimento Internazionale della Riconciliazione – Mir Italy (Italian branch of International Fellowship of Reconciliation)
28. Network of Human Rights Defenders in Central Africa (REDHAC)
29. Network of the Independent Commission for Human rights in North Africa (CIDH AFRICA)
30. Nigerien Human Rights Defenders Network (RNDDH)
31. Omna Tigray
32. Physicians for Human Rights
33. Tghat
34. Tigray Accountability Coalition (TAC)
35. Togolese Human Rights Defenders Coalition (CTDDH)
36. Vox Tigray for Journalists and Media

[1] Human Rights Watch, “Ethiopia: Indiscriminate Airstrike in Tigray,” 25 September 2026, https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/09/25/ethiopia-indiscriminate-airstrike-in-tigray (accessed on 3 October 2026).

[2] BBC, “Seven Ethiopian rebel groups form new alliance,” 21 September 2026, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckp84pj8zpngo (accessed on 4 October 2026).

[3] Reuters, “Tigrayan leaders say new war with Ethiopian government has begun,” 24 September 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ethiopian-airlines-suspends-flights-tigray-region-2026-01-07/; “Government forces seize capital of Ethiopia’s Tigray region from rebels,” 4 October 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/government-forces-seize-capital-ethiopias-tigray-region-rebels-2026-10-04/; AP, “Ethiopian federal forces retake Mekelle airport from Tigrayan fighters, residents say,” 4 October 2026, https://apnews.com/article/ethiopia-tigray-airport-tplf-federal-forces-conflict-87740d41b686614b63ccdba54dbd3168 (all accessed on 4 October 2026).

[4] Reuters, “Eritrea cuts ties with Ethiopia over Asmara embassy closure,” 1 October 2026, https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/explosions-heard-overnight-ethiopias-capital-diplomatic-sources-say-2026-10-01/; Ahmed Soliman and Dr. Abel Abate Demissie (Chatham House), “War has returned to Tigray. This time it may not stay in Ethiopia,” 1 Octo­ber 2026, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2026/10/war-has-returned-tigray-time-it-may-not-stay-ethiopia (both accessed on 4 October 2026).

[5] DW, “The Sudan connection: Is Ethiopia at risk of a proxy war?,” 2 October 2026, https://www.dw.com/en/the-sudan-connection-is-ethiopia-at-risk-of-a-proxy-war/a-79491261; Al Jazeera, “Could conflict in Ethiopia expand across the region?,” 2 October 2026, https://www.aljazeera.com/video/inside-story/2026/10/2/could-conflict-in-ethiopia-expand-across-the-region (both accessed on 4 October 2026).

[6] See DW, “No regard for civilians as fighting in Ethiopia continues,” 29 September 2026, https://www.dw.com/en/ethiopia-tigray-fighting-continues/a-79464569 (accessed on 4 October 2026).

[7] Shane Goetz, Stimson, “Preventing Starvation Crimes: Lessons Learned from Tigray,” 24 February 2025, https://www.stimson.org/2025/preventing-starvation-crimes-lessons-learned-from-tigray/; Teklehaymanot G. Welde­michel and Birhan Mezgbo, The Conversation, “Starvation as a weapon of war: how Ethiopia created a famine in Tigray,” 2 November 2025, https://theconversation.com/starvation-as-a-weapon-of-war-how-ethiopia-created-a-famine-in-tigray-268395 (accessed on 4 October 2026).

[8] See Civic Space Monitor, “Ethiopia,” https://monitor.civicus.org/country/ethiopia/; Amnesty International, “Ethiopia: International community must act to safeguard press freedom ahead of national election,” 29 May 2026, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2026/05/ethiopian-authorities-have-intensified-their-crackdown-on-press-freedom/ (both accessed on 5 October 2026).

[9] See Physicians for Human Rights, “‘You Will Never Be Able to Give Birth’: Conflict-Related Sexual and Reproductive Violence in Ethiopia,” July 2025, https://phr.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/PHR-OJAH-Ethiopia-You-Will-Never-Be-Able-to-Give-Birth-ENG-2025.pdf; “Stolen, Broken, Destroyed; How Impunity Has Fueled Ongoing Attacks on Health Care in Ethiopia,” August 2026, https://phr.org/our-work/resources/stolen-broken-destroyed-how-impunity-has-fueled-ongoing-attacks-on-health-care-in-ethiopia/ (accessed on 6 October 2026).

[10] See Amnesty International, “Ethiopia: Victims betrayed after states failed to continue UN accountability mechanism,” 5 October 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr25/7271/2023/en/; Human Rights Watch, “Ethiopia: Atrocities Mar Ceasefire Anniversary,” 2 November 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/11/02/ethiopia-atrocities-mar-ceasefire-anniversary; Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect et al., “Civil society concerns in achieving transitional justice and accountability for mass atrocity crimes in Ethiopia,” 14 October 2024, https://www.globalr2p.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/CSO-Concerns-in-TJ-and-Accountability-for-Atrocities-in-Ethiopia.pdf (accessed on 4 October 2026).

[11] See Amnesty International, “Ethiopia: Crimes Against Humanity in Western Tigray Zone,” 6 April 2022, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/04/ethiopia-crimes-against-humanity-in-western-tigray-zone/; Human Rights Watch, “Tigray Conflict,” https://www.hrw.org/tag/tigray-conflict; Financial Times, “War in Tigray may have killed 600,000 people, peace mediator says,” https://www.ft.com/content/2f385e95-0899-403a-9e3b-ed8c24adf4e7?syn-25a6b1a6=1; Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, “Atrocity Alert No. 496: Ethiopia, South Sudan and Central African Republic,” 30 September 2026, https://www.globalr2p.org/publications/atrocity-alert-no-496/ (all accessed on 4 October 2026).

[12] “Secretary-General Urges Restraint as Fighting Intensifies in Northern Ethiopia,” 23 September 2026, https://press.un.org/en/2026/sgsm23299.doc.htm; “Ethiopia: Türk alarmed by civilian impact of hostilities, urges de-es­calation,” 25 September 2026, https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2026/09/ethiopia-turk-alarmed-civilian-impact-hostilities-urges-de-escalation; “Statement of the AU Commission on the Escalating Tensions Between Ethiopia, Eritrea and Egypt,” 1 October 2026, https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20261001/statement-auc-escalating-tensions-between-ethiopia-eritrea-and-egypt (all accessed on 4 October 2026).